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Typical source

Synthetic or fermentation

Plain-language explanation

Propionic acid (E280) is a natural fatty acid found in some cheeses and produced by bacteria, often used to prevent mold in bread and other baked goods. It is generally considered halal when derived from plant or microbial sources, which is the most common production method. However, if it were synthetically produced using non-halal animal fats or alcohol, its halal status would become questionable, so certification from a trusted body is recommended.