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Typical source

Citric acid (fermentation)

Plain-language explanation

E332, or potassium citrates, are salts derived from citric acid, which is commonly produced by fermenting sugars with fungi like Aspergillus niger. This ingredient is generally considered halal by major certification bodies like JAKIM, MUI, MUIS, ESMA, and HFA when sourced from plant-based fermentation. However, its halal status can become doubtful if the citric acid is derived from non-halal sources or if the production process involves alcohol or other non-halal contaminants.